Presenilin is a family of related multi-transmembrane proteins that act as part of γ-secretase intramembrane protease complex. There are two presenilin genes in vertebrates, called PSEN1 (located on human chromosome 14), which encodes presenilin 1 (PS-1) and PSEN2 (on human chromosome 1) encodes presenilin 2 (PS-2). Both genes show conservation between species, and the difference between rat and human presenilin is very small. Presenilin cuts in the α-helix region of one of the cytoplasmic loops, resulting in a large N-terminal and a smaller C-terminal fragment, which together form part of the functional protein. The cleavage of presenilin 1 can be prevented by mutations that cause the loss of exon 9 and result in loss of function.
Presenilin is the catalytic component of the γ-secretase complex with multiple biological activities, and promotes the pathogenesis of AD through the "amyloid hypothesis". APP and Notch (type I transmembrane cell surface receptors) are important γ-secretase substrates. Among them, presenilin plays an important γ-secretase-dependent role in the sequential cleavage of APP and Notch. PS mutations leads to damage to the Notch signaling pathway, which plays an important role in neurogenesis. From a genetic point of view, presenilin, the early-onset gene and the late-onset gene apolipoprotein E (ApoE), significantly increased the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the AD brain.
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